Chemical burns of the eye are emergencies that can cause rapid and severe surface damage. Alkali injuries are particularly dangerous because they penetrate deeply.
Immediate first aid
Prompt irrigation greatly influences outcome.
- Begin copious irrigation with clean water or saline immediately, before hospital arrival if possible
- Remove contact lenses and sweep for particulate material
- Check and normalise pH in hospital while continuing irrigation
- Avoid neutralising acids with alkali or vice versa directly in the eye
Ongoing management
Specialist care aims to restore the surface and prevent scarring.
- Topical antibiotics, cycloplegics, steroids, and lubricants as indicated
- Amniotic membrane grafts or stem-cell-based surface reconstruction in severe cases
- Long-term monitoring for glaucoma, scarring, and dry eye
- Protective eyewear advice for future risk reduction
