Tissue engineering combines cells, scaffolds, and signalling molecules to create or repair biological tissues. In eye care, it focuses on constructs that can replace cornea, conjunctiva, or retinal layers.
Eye-Related Examples
Engineered corneal equivalents use collagen or hydrogel scaffolds seeded with epithelial and stromal cells. Retinal patches with retinal pigment epithelium on synthetic membranes are being trialled for macular degeneration.
- Scaffolds provide structure while cells integrate and function
- Biodegradable materials may gradually be replaced by host tissue
- 3D printing and microfabrication help create complex architectures
- Vascularisation and immune compatibility remain key challenges
Clinical Potential
Tissue-engineered constructs could reduce reliance on donor tissue and offer customised solutions. Most remain experimental, especially for posterior segment applications.
- Regulatory pathways evaluate safety, sterility, and performance
- Patients may encounter these technologies mainly within research trials
- Ocular surface engineering is closest to wider clinical use
- Interdisciplinary research is essential to move from bench to bedside
