Eyelid spasm refers to repeated, often forceful contractions of the eyelid muscles. It ranges from mild twitching to sustained closure.
Types and Causes
Mild myokymia is usually triggered by stress, fatigue, caffeine, or eye strain. More severe spasms, such as benign essential blepharospasm or hemifacial spasm, relate to abnormal nerve signalling, sometimes involving the facial nerve or brainstem.
- Surface irritation from dry eye or light sensitivity can provoke reflex spasms
- Medications and neurological conditions occasionally contribute
- Spasms may be bilateral in blepharospasm and unilateral in hemifacial spasm
- Symptoms often worsen with stress and improve with rest
Assessment and Treatment
Evaluation distinguishes simple twitching from neurological movement disorders. Management may include treating dry eye, lifestyle measures, or botulinum toxin injections for more significant spasms.
- Persistent or strong spasms interfering with vision should be assessed
- Botulinum toxin can reduce abnormal muscle activity for several months
- Imaging may be needed when hemifacial spasm is suspected
- Protective eyewear and lubricants help when spasms leave the surface exposed
