High blood pressure, or hypertension, can damage the small blood vessels in the retina and optic nerve, leading to hypertensive retinopathy and other complications. Severe or poorly controlled hypertension can threaten sight.
Ocular Changes
Signs include narrowing and stiffening of retinal arteries, haemorrhages, exudates, and swelling of the optic disc in advanced cases. These changes reflect long‑standing vascular stress.
- Early stages may cause no visual symptoms and are detected only on examination
- Malignant hypertension can cause sudden visual loss and requires emergency treatment
- Retinal vein and artery occlusions are more common in hypertensive patients
- Hypertension also contributes to general cardiovascular risk that indirectly affects eye health
Prevention and Management
Controlling blood pressure through lifestyle changes and medication reduces the risk of eye damage. Regular eye examinations allow early detection of retinopathy.
- Findings in the retina can guide assessment of overall vascular health
- People with hypertension should follow recommended screening intervals
- Sudden visual changes warrant urgent medical review
- Smoking cessation, exercise, and healthy diet complement pharmacological control
