Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed through a dilated retinal examination and imaging tests that assess retinal blood vessels and the macula.
Clinical Examination
An ophthalmologist or optometrist examines the retina for microaneurysms, haemorrhages, exudates, neovascularisation, and macular changes.
- Visual acuity testing documents functional impact.
- Intraocular pressure and lens status are also checked.
- Findings are graded to determine the stage and guide review intervals.
- Screening programmes often use digital fundus photographs for systematic detection.
Imaging
OCT is used to quantify macular oedema, while fluorescein angiography or OCT angiography visualise leakage, non‑perfusion, and neovascularisation.
- These tests help decide when to start treatments such as intravitreal injections or laser.
- Serial imaging allows objective monitoring of disease progression and treatment response.
- Good systemic diabetic control remains essential alongside ocular monitoring.
- Regular screening is recommended even when vision seems normal.
