Age‑related macular degeneration is diagnosed by clinical examination of the macula supported by retinal imaging.
Initial Assessment
Visual acuity, Amsler grid testing, and dilated fundus examination reveal drusen, pigment changes, or signs of neovascularisation.
- Dry AMD shows drusen and atrophy without fluid.
- Wet AMD exhibits subretinal or intraretinal fluid, haemorrhage, or greyish membranes.
- Risk factors such as smoking history and family history are documented.
- Both eyes are evaluated carefully, even if only one is symptomatic.
Imaging and Follow-Up
OCT provides cross‑sectional views of the macula, essential for detecting and monitoring fluid and atrophy.
- Fluorescein or OCT angiography helps confirm and classify choroidal neovascularisation.
- Patients receiving anti‑VEGF injections are reviewed regularly with repeated OCT scans to guide treatment intervals.
- Self‑monitoring with an Amsler grid or home devices can pick up early changes between visits.
- Long‑term monitoring continues even in advanced disease to manage complications and support low‑vision needs.
