Many systemic diseases can affect the eyes by altering blood vessels, immune responses, or tissue metabolism. Eye findings may provide early clues to general health problems.
Common Examples
Diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune conditions, thyroid disease, and some infections or cancers all have characteristic ocular manifestations. These can involve the retina, optic nerve, uvea, or ocular surface.
- Diabetes can cause retinopathy and macular oedema
- Hypertension may lead to retinal vascular changes and optic nerve swelling
- Autoimmune diseases can trigger uveitis or scleritis
- Thyroid dysfunction may result in thyroid eye disease
Importance of Integrated Care
Regular eye examinations are vital for people with systemic illnesses, and communication between eye specialists and other healthcare providers improves outcomes. Treating the underlying disease is as important as ocular therapy.
- Eye signs may prompt investigation for previously undiagnosed conditions
- Systemic medications can themselves have ocular side effects requiring monitoring
- Shared care pathways support timely intervention and follow‑up
- Patients should inform their eye care provider of all current diagnoses and treatments
