Photophobia is an abnormal sensitivity or discomfort to light, ranging from mild glare in bright conditions to severe pain when exposed to ordinary indoor lighting. It is a symptom associated with a wide range of ocular and neurological conditions.
Causes
Photophobia can result from corneal surface disease, uveitis, acute glaucoma, or other intraocular inflammation, as well as from migraine and meningitis. It may also be linked with dry eye, certain medications, or recent eye surgery, and is discussed in more detail in the article understanding light sensitivity?.
- Often accompanied by redness, tearing, or blurred vision in ocular causes
- Neurological causes may present with headache, neck stiffness, or nausea
- People sometimes instinctively close the eyes or avoid bright environments
- Photophobia can be transient or persistent depending on the underlying disorder
Assessment and Management
Evaluation aims to identify and treat the primary cause through eye examination and, where indicated, neurological assessment. Symptomatic measures include tinted lenses, hats, and controlled lighting while the underlying condition is treated.
- Urgent review is important if photophobia is sudden, severe, or associated with systemic illness
- Slit-lamp examination can reveal corneal or intraocular inflammation
- Migraine-related photophobia is often managed alongside headache strategies
- Persistent symptoms may benefit from specialist advice on filters and visual aids
