Age-related macular degeneration is caused by progressive damage to the macula from a mix of ageing, genetic susceptibility, and environmental factors. The supporting layer under the retina gradually accumulates waste material and becomes less efficient.
Non-modifiable Risk Factors
Increasing age is the strongest risk factor, with AMD most common in people over 60. Family history and certain genetic variants also raise risk, as do fair skin and light eye colour.
- Age-related changes in the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch’s membrane
- Accumulation of drusen beneath the retina
- Inherited variations in complement and other pathways
- Female sex and Caucasian ethnicity are associated with higher prevalence
Modifiable Risk Factors
Smoking significantly increases the risk and speeds progression of AMD. High blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and poor diet low in leafy greens and oily fish also contribute.
- Stopping smoking is one of the most effective protective steps
- A diet rich in antioxidants and omega‑3 fatty acids may support macular health
- UV and blue light protection with suitable eyewear is often recommended
- Regular eye examinations allow early detection and monitoring
