Thyroid eye disease is an autoimmune condition that affects the tissues around the eyes. It often occurs in people with thyroid gland problems and can change appearance, comfort, and sometimes vision.
What happens in thyroid eye disease
The immune system mistakenly attacks muscles and fat behind the eyes. These tissues swell, pushing the eyes forward and affecting eyelid position and movement.
- Symptoms include grittiness, watering, light sensitivity, and eyelid swelling.
- Some people notice bulging eyes or difficulty closing the lids fully.
- Double vision can develop if the muscles become stiff.
- Rarely, pressure on the optic nerve threatens sight.
- Smoking strongly worsens the condition and treatment response.
Treatment and long-term care
Management focuses on protecting the eyes while the disease runs its course. Active inflammation usually settles over months to years, followed by a stable phase.
- Lubricating drops and ointments ease exposure and dryness.
- Steroids, radiotherapy, or newer immune therapies may control inflammation.
- Surgery can correct bulging, lid position, or double vision in the stable phase.
- Close coordination with an endocrinologist optimises thyroid levels.
- Stopping smoking is one of the most important steps you can take.
