Diabetes can damage retinal blood vessels and other ocular tissues through prolonged high blood sugar levels, leading to diabetic retinopathy, macular oedema, and increased cataract and glaucoma risk. It is a leading cause of sight loss in working‑age adults.
Retinal Effects
Early non‑proliferative stages show microaneurysms, haemorrhages, and leakage, while advanced disease can develop fragile new vessels, scar tissue, and tractional retinal detachment. Macular oedema causes central blur and distortion.
- Changes may progress silently without symptoms at first
- Regular retinal screening is essential even when vision seems normal
- Duration of diabetes and poor control increase risk
- Blood pressure and cholesterol also influence disease severity
Management
Tight systemic control and timely ocular treatment with laser, injections, or surgery can preserve vision for many patients. Lifelong monitoring is required.
- Annual or more frequent screening photographs and examinations are recommended
- Prompt attention to new floaters, flashes, or vision changes is critical
- Education and support help patients manage systemic risk factors
- Low‑vision services may assist those with advanced damage
