---
title: What is vernal keratoconjunctivitis?
description: "Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, seasonally exacerbated allergic eye disease that predominantly affects children and young males in warm climates. ## Features Intense itching, redness, stringy discharge, and light sensitivity are typical; large \"cobblestone\" papillae on the upper tarsal…"
url: "https://bluefinvision.com/knowledge-base/topics/conditions-diseases/what-is-vernal-keratoconjunctivitis/"
updated: "2025-12-15"
category: "Conditions & Diseases"
---

# What is vernal keratoconjunctivitis?

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, seasonally exacerbated allergic eye disease that predominantly affects children and young males in warm climates.

## Features

Intense itching, redness, stringy discharge, and light sensitivity are typical; large "cobblestone" papillae on the upper tarsal conjunctiva or limbal gelatinous thickening are characteristic.

- Rubbing can lead to keratoconus and further surface damage.
- Corneal involvement may produce punctate erosions, shield ulcers, or plaques.
- Symptoms often worsen in spring and summer.
- Associated atopic conditions such as eczema and asthma are common.

## Treatment

Management uses a stepwise approach with allergen avoidance, cold compresses, and topical antihistamine/mast‑cell stabiliser drops, escalating to steroids or immunomodulatory agents when needed.

- Topical ciclosporin or tacrolimus can reduce steroid dependence in chronic cases.
- Regular monitoring is vital to detect corneal complications and steroid side effects.
- Education about avoiding eye rubbing helps protect the cornea.
- Most children improve after adolescence, though some have persistent disease.